安樂(le) 哲 著《一多不分:儒學與(yu) 世界文化新秩序》出版

書(shu) 名:《一多不分:儒學與(yu) 世界文化新秩序》
主編:[美]安樂(le) 哲
出版社:山東(dong) 友誼出版社
【內(nei) 容簡介】
本書(shu) 收錄儒學大家安樂(le) 哲先生近年來的論文集、演講稿和訪談錄。在本書(shu) 中,安樂(le) 哲先生在比較中西兩(liang) 大傳(chuan) 統闡釋的大視野下,用中國“一多不分”互係性話語體(ti) 係,講述儒家思想對個(ge) 人修養(yang) 、家庭和社會(hui) 的價(jia) 值,以及對人工智能等新興(xing) 領域的哲學思考。安樂(le) 哲先生認為(wei) ,儒家思想是生機盎然、充滿活力與(yu) 包容性的思想傳(chuan) 統,儒家角色倫(lun) 理根深深植於(yu) 家國關(guan) 係之中,依然生生不息,可以成為(wei) 全球性哲學、思想與(yu) 文化資源的重要部分,可以預見,儒家角色倫(lun) 理學將會(hui) 為(wei) 促進世界新經濟和新文化秩序做出積極貢獻。
【作者簡介】
安樂(le) 哲,1947年出生於(yu) 加拿大多倫(lun) 多,世界著名中西比較哲學家,國際知名漢學大師,山東(dong) 省“儒學大家”,孔子研究院特聘專(zhuan) 家。曾任夏威夷大學哲學係教授,現任北京大學哲學係人文講席教授,世界儒學文化研究聯合會(hui) 會(hui) 長,國際儒學聯合會(hui) 副會(hui) 長,尼山聖源書(shu) 院顧問,北京中外文化交流研究基地顧問,北京外國語大學中華文化國際傳(chuan) 播研究院外籍首席專(zhuan) 家。
2013年因其對中國思想多年來的出色研究獲得“孔子文化獎”。2016年,榮獲第二屆“會(hui) 林文化獎”。2018年,榮獲“文明之光·2018中國文化交流年度人物”;並榮獲“北京大學燕園友誼獎”;2019年,榮獲“杜威學術學會(hui) 2019終身成就獎”;2021年,榮獲“中國政府友誼獎”。安樂(le) 哲教授翻譯了《論語》、《大學》、《中庸》、《道德經》、《孝經》、《淮南子》、《孫子兵法》等書(shu) 而蜚聲海內(nei) 外,著有:《儒家角色倫(lun) 理學》、《儒家角色倫(lun) 理——21世紀道德視野》《先賢的民主:杜威、孔子與(yu) 中國民主之希望》《通過漢代而思》《主術:中國古代政冶製度之研究》《通過孔子而思》等。
【目錄】
序言
第一部分講稿:儒學與(yu) 第二次啟蒙
知己知彼:中西闡釋域境的相互鏡鑒
古代人類兼容並蓄的天下觀在當代世界的綿延呈現
儒學之“人”對改變世界文化秩序的作用
儒學價(jia) 值觀與(yu) 第二次啟蒙時代
適應需求,融合發展——儒學文化的變通發展動力
儒學與(yu) 新絲(si) 綢之路
第二部分訪談:儒學與(yu) 全球合作共贏
哲學的最後一站不是真理,而是智性對話
儒者·儒行·儒學
“西儒”是怎樣看“東(dong) 儒”的?
哲人譯哲:中國哲學典籍英譯路徑探析
借用儒學“仁”的觀念實現全球合作共贏
中西對話的拓荒者:哲學與(yu) 漢學之間的比較哲學家
儒家中國與(yu) 變化中的世界秩序
第三部分論文:儒學將重塑世界文化
人類命運共同體(ti) :“一多不分”的新世界文化秩序
卸下本質主義(yi) 的指控:對文化哲學的一些方法論思考
《學記》——立儒家教育之根本
“學以成人”:論儒學對世界文化秩序變化的貢獻
“人”還是“成人”:陽明學知行合一思想的源流
餘(yu) 紀元與(yu) 為(wei) 儒家哲學而翻新“形而上學”
——人“生而既成”還是“做人成仁”?
人工智能:將“自然智能”置於(yu) 《易經》宇宙論的框架之內(nei)
湯一介先生的哲學饋贈——讓東(dong) 西方哲學的不對稱成為(wei) 過去
後記
【序言】
Preface
Roger T.Ames
The title of this book is 一多不分. And from the beginning, the 安樂(le) 哲儒學大家團體(ti) has itself been a demonstration of this fundamental Confucian postulate. The articles, lectures, and interviews, contained in this volume tell the story of our team—Tian Chenshan, Wen Haiming, Zhang Kai, Bian Junfeng, and Sun Zhihui—have over the past five years criss-crossed China, East-Asia, and the world promoting a better understanding of Confucian philosophy. Together we have set our root 紮根 and grown 生長our project with a “duo 多“ that has enabled us to become a unique “yi一.” We have enjoyed the partnership of and joined in common cause with the Kongzi Yanjiuyuan, the World Consortium for Research in Confucian Cultures, the International Confucian Association, the Peking University Berggruen Research Center, the Beiwai Sinology Center, the Beishida Academy for the International Communication of Chinese Culture, the Danyang Traditional Culture Society, the Dewey Center at Fudan University, and many other wonderful organizations.
Over the past generation, a sea change has occurred in the economic and political order of the world, and we have anticipated that this great transformation will be followed by the emergence of a new world cultural order. And we believe firmly that the pan-Asian tradition of Confucian philosophy has an important contribution to make to the dawning of this new world order. The rise of East Asia and of China in particular has been precipitous, and has in many ways startled a world dominated by the liberal values of a foundational individualism. A fundamental premise that runs throughout these pages is that the most important contribution this Confucian tradition has to make to a changing world cultural order is an alternative to the ideology of individualism.We must locate this notion of a relationally-constituted conception of “human becomings” within the generic features of an early Chinese process or “event” ontology in which putative “things” and their contexts are interdependent and thus inseparable. What it means to become human, far from referencing an antecedent given that takes us back to our origins (eidos) or forward to some given, pre-determined end (telos), is in fact a provisional and emergent process within the context of an evolving cosmic order. It is just such a worldview that I and my collaborators following Marcel Granet, Tang Junyi, Fei Xiaotong, Joseph Needham, and Angus Graham have argued for at length as the most appropriate interpretive context for understanding classical Confucianism.
As my starting point, I have posited a contrast between a classical Greek ontological conception of human “beings” and a classical Yijing 易經orBook of Changes process conception of what I will call human “becomings,” a contrast between “on-tology” as “the science of being per se” and what I will call “zoe-tology” (shengshenglun 生生論) as “the art of living,” a contrast between a human being as a noun and human becomings as a gerunds. John Dewey abjuring what he calls “the philosophical fallacy” makes this same point in alerting us to our inveterate habit of decontextualizing and essentializing one element within the continuity of experience, and then in our best efforts to overcome this post hoc diremption, of then construing this same element as foundational and causal. As a concrete example of this habit, we achieve virtuosity in the process of our ongoing conduct, abstract something called “virtue” out of the complexity of this continuing experience, and then make the abstraction antecedent to and causal of the process itself. For Dewey,
…the reality is the growth-process itself . . . The real existence is the history in its entirety, the history just as what it is. The operations of splitting it up into two parts and then having to unite them again by appeal to causative power are equally arbitrary and gratuitous.
The classical Greeks give us a substance ontology grounded in “being qua being” or “being per se” (to on he on) that guarantees a permanent and unchanging subject as the substratum for the human experience. With the combination of eidosand telos as the formal and final cause of independent things such as persons, this “sub-stance” necessarily persists through change. This kind of causal thinking is precisely what Dewey is referencing in his concern about the philosophical fallacy. In this ontology, “to exist” and “to be” are implicated in one term. The same copula verb answers the two-fold questions of first why something exists, that is, its origins and its goal, and then whatit is, its substance. This substratum or essence includes its purpose for being, and is defining of the “what-it-means-to-be-a-thing-of-this-kind” of any particular thing in setting a closed, exclusive boundary and the strict identity necessary for it to be this, and not that.
The question of why something exists is answered by an appeal to determinative, originative, and undemonstrable first principles (Gk.arche, L. principium), and provides the metaphysical separation between creator and creature. The question of what something is, is answered by its limitation and definition, and provides the ontological distinction between substance and accident, between essence and its contingent attributes. In expressing the necessity, self-sufficiency, and independence of things, this substance or essence as the subject of predication is the object of knowledge. It tells us, as a matter of logical necessity, what is what, and is the source of truth in revealing to us with certainty, what is real and what is not. As the contemporary philosopher Zhao Tingyang 趙汀陽avers, this kind of substance ontology defining the real things that constitute the content of an orderly and structured cosmos
…provides a “dictionary” kind of explanation of the world, seeking to set up an accurate understanding of the limits of all things. In simple terms, it determines “what is what” and all concepts are footnotes to “being” or “is.”
In the Book of Changes we find a vocabulary that makes explicit cosmological assumptions that are a stark alternative to this substance ontology, and provides the interpretive context for the Confucian canons by locating them within a holistic, organic, and ecological worldview. This cosmology begins from “living” (sheng 生) itself as the motive force behind change, and gives us a world of boundless “becomings:” not “things” that are, but “events” that are happening. The ontological intuition that “only Being is” is at the core of Parmenides’s treatise The Way of Truth and is the basis of the ontology that follows from it.To provide a meaningful contrast with this fundamental assumption of on or “being” we might borrow the Greek notion of zoe or “life” and create the neologism “zoe-tology” as “the art of living.” Zoetology standing in contrast to Greek “ontology,” might be translated into modern Chinese as 生生論shengshenglun. The Book of Changes states that 天地之大德曰生“the greatest capacity of the cosmos is its life-force.” Again, in describing the unfolding confluence of vital “way-making” (dao 道) it observes that 生生之謂易 “it is the ceaseless generating and procreating of life that is meant by ‘change’” (yi 易). Change itself is defined denotatively and thus specifically as procreative living.
In this Book of Changes ecological cosmology, autopoietic, transactional change occurs synchronically in situ and diachronically in media res as expansive and advantageous growth in the vital, situated relations that constitute experience. The interactions of mutual interest expressed among things in their constitutive relations grows and “appreciates” them in the sense of adding value to both themselves and their worlds. Just as human flourishing arises from positive growth in the relations of family and community, cosmic flourishing is isomorphic as an extension of this same kind of transactional growth but only on a more expansive scale. Indeed, human values and a moral cosmic order are both grounded in life and its productive growth, and are thus continuous with each other as complementaries.
The single most important common denominator within the various areas of the Confucian cultural sensorium rehearsed in these pages, from education to ethics, from family to cosmology, is the relationally-constituted conception of persons. In this monograph, then, I have made the argument that the most important contribution Confucian philosophy has to offer our times is precisely its own elaborate, sophisticated, and ethically compelling conception of a relationally-constituted persons that can be drawn upon to critique and to challenge the entrenched ideology of foundational individualism. In particular, at a critical time when we can fairly anticipate a quantum transformation in the changing world cultural order, it is this alternative conception of persons as human becomings that recommends most clearly to me that we would do well to give Confucianism its place at the table.
The argument in these pages has not been that the Confucian values I am advocating can be mustered to solve all of the world’s problems. Nor has the argument been that the ineluctable forces of Westernization are pernicious and need to somehow be contained. Instead, my attempt to bring attention to the Confucian tradition has been that we do well to make room for all of the cultural resources available to us at a time when the most dramatic changes to the human condition in the history of our species are gathering on the horizon. In many ways, the position advanced herein has been compensatory, trying to overcome the kind of ignorance that comes with the uncritical ignoring of an ancient tradition integral to the identity of a quarter of the world’s population. There is much to be valued in this Confucian cultural tradition as a source of enrichment for world culture and as a substantial critique of our existing values, and we would all do well to know it much better than we do.
序言
從(cong) 一開始,我們(men) 安樂(le) 哲儒學大家團隊便努力實現我們(men) 的儒學理念。該書(shu) 中涉及的講座、訪談和論文講述了我們(men) 團隊的故事(成員有田辰山、溫海明、張凱、卞俊峰和孫智慧)的故事。在過去的五年,他們(men) 行走於(yu) 中國各地乃至東(dong) 亞(ya) 和世界其他地區的多個(ge) 國家,走訪學習(xi) ,促進大家對儒家哲學的理解。我們(men) 一起深入探討、研究課題,從(cong) 最初對該課題之“多”得以宏觀掌握,到後來對“一”有了微觀細致、獨一無二的了解。我們(men) 與(yu) 尼山世界儒學中心孔子研究院、世界儒學文化研究聯合會(hui) (World Consortium for Research in Confucian Cultures)、國際儒學聯合會(hui) 、北京大學博古睿研究中心、北京外國語大學東(dong) 西方關(guan) 係中心、北京師範大學中國文化國際傳(chuan) 播研究院、江蘇省丹陽市中華傳(chuan) 統文化學會(hui) 、複旦大學杜威研究中心以及其他卓越的機構建立了共同研究,彼此分享的合作關(guan) 係。
在過去的一代人的時間裏,世界的經濟和政治秩序發生了巨變,我們(men) 已經預見到這種巨大的變化將伴隨著新世界文化秩序的出現。我們(men) 堅信,儒家哲學的泛亞(ya) 洲(pan-Asian)傳(chuan) 統對這一新世界秩序的產(chan) 生做出過重要貢獻。東(dong) 亞(ya) 尤其是中國的迅速崛起在許多方麵震驚了以個(ge) 人主義(yi) 為(wei) 根基的自由主義(yi) 價(jia) 值觀主導的世界。本書(shu) 的基本論調是,儒家傳(chuan) 統對不斷變化的世界文化秩序必然能夠做出的最重要貢獻,是可能替代個(ge) 人主義(yi) 意識形態的貢獻的。我們(men) 要把這種關(guan) 係構成的“人”(human becomings)的概念置於(yu) 中國早期過程或“事件”本體(ti) 論的一般特征之中。在這種本體(ti) 論中,給予的“事物”與(yu) 其語境是相互依存、不可分割的。“成人”的意義(yi) ,遠不是指參考一個(ge) 給定的前因,幫助我們(men) 回到原型或達到某些給定的、預先確定的目的(telos) ,事實上它是在不斷發展的宇宙秩序背景下的一個(ge) 臨(lin) 時性的和生成性的過程。我和我的合作者們(men) 追隨葛蘭(lan) 言(Marcel Granet)、唐君毅、費孝通、李約瑟(Joseph Needham)和葛瑞漢(Angus Graham),主張將這種世界觀作為(wei) 理解古典儒學最合適的語境。
首先,我對比了古希臘本體(ti) 論意義(yi) 上的“人”(human beings)概念與(yu) 《易經》中我稱之為(wei) 過程性的“成人”(human becomings)概念,即作為(wei) “存在本身科學”的“本體(ti) 論”(on-tology)和我稱為(wei) “生存藝術”的“生生論”(zoe-tology)之間的對比,也是作為(wei) 名詞的“人”(human being)與(yu) 作為(wei) 動名詞的“人”(human becomings)的對比。約翰•杜威(John Dewey)摒棄他所謂的“哲學謬論”(the philosophical fallacy),並提出了類似觀點,提醒我們(men) 注意那些固化的習(xi) 慣和經驗,即在經驗連續體(ti) 當中,把某個(ge) 元素剝離語境並加以本質化。我們(men) 需要竭盡全力克服這種事後的因果重構(post hoc diremption),不要把這一同樣的元素視為(wei) 根基性的或者因果性的。一個(ge) 具體(ti) 例子是,我們(men) 在學習(xi) 過程中獲得了精湛的技巧,從(cong) 這種持續經曆的複雜性中抽象出一種稱為(wei) “德性”的東(dong) 西,然後使之抽象成為(wei) 過程本身的前因和後果。對於(yu) 杜威來說:
實相就是成長過程本身……真正的存在是整個(ge) 曆史全體(ti) ,就像曆史是其所是一樣。將其分為(wei) 兩(liang) 部分,然後又不得不借助因果力量將它們(men) 再次結合起來,二者都是武斷和無理的。
古希臘哲學家為(wei) 我們(men) 提供了基於(yu) “作為(wei) 存在的存在”(being qua being)或“由於(yu) 自身的存在”(being per se)的實體(ti) 本體(ti) 論,該本體(ti) 論保障人類經驗有一個(ge) 永恒不變的主體(ti) 作為(wei) 基石。隨著“理念”和“目的”作為(wei) 獨立事物的形式因和目的因,如人這種基礎性的“實體(ti) ”(substance)必定會(hui) 在變化過程中持續存在。杜威所關(guan) 注的“哲學謬論”恰是基於(yu) 這種因果思維。在這種本體(ti) 論中,“存在(to exist)”和“是”(to be)是一個(ge) 術語的不同側(ce) 麵。相同的係動詞(be)回答了兩(liang) 個(ge) 問題,首先是某物“為(wei) 何”(why)存在,即其起源和目的是什麽(me) ,然後是它是“什麽(me) ”(what),即其實質是什麽(me) 。這個(ge) 基礎或本質包含了其存在的目的,並且定義(yi) 了任何特定事物的“成為(wei) 這類事物的意謂的某一類”(what it means to be a thing of this kind),從(cong) 而為(wei) 其設定了封閉的、排他性的邊界,以及它必須是這樣而不是那樣所需的嚴(yan) 格同一性。
關(guan) 於(yu) 某物為(wei) 何(why)存在的問題可以訴諸於(yu) 對確定的、源初的和不可證明的第一性原理來回答,並在造物主和被造物之間提供形而上的分離。關(guan) 於(yu) 某物是什麽(me) (what)的問題,可以通過其限度和定義(yi) 來回答,並提供了實體(ti) 與(yu) 偶性之間、本質與(yu) 其偶然屬性之間的本體(ti) 論區別。在表達事物的必要性、自足性和獨立性時,作為(wei) 謂語主體(ti) 的實質或本質是知識的對象。它告訴我們(men) ——一個(ge) 邏輯必然性的問題——某物是什麽(me) ,並且向我們(men) 確定地揭示什麽(me) 是真實的,什麽(me) 不是事實的真理之源。正如當代哲學家趙汀陽給出了正麵的回答,這種實體(ti) 本體(ti) 論定義(yi) 了真實存在(構成有序和結構化宇宙內(nei) 容):“西方哲學是對世界的‘字典式’解釋,試圖建立界定萬(wan) 物的確定理解,簡單地說,就是斷定‘什麽(me) 是什麽(me) ’,一切觀念皆為(wei) ‘在/是’(being/is) 的注腳。”
在《易經》中,我們(men) 找到了一個(ge) 詞匯表,這些詞匯做出了明確的宇宙論假設,這些假設可以明確替代實體(ti) 本體(ti) 論,即通過定位一個(ge) 整體(ti) 、有機和生態的世界觀來提供儒家經典的解釋背景。這種宇宙觀從(cong) “生”作為(wei) 變化背後的動力開始,給我們(men) 提供了一個(ge) 無限的“生成”世界:不是“存在的物”,而是正在發生的(happening)“事”。“唯有存在存在”(only Being is)的本體(ti) 論直觀是巴門尼德論真理之路的核心,也是由此產(chan) 生的本體(ti) 論的基礎。為(wei) 了與(yu) “存在”或“存在”這一基本假設提供有意義(yi) 的對比,我們(men) 可以借用古希臘的“生命”或“生活”概念,創造新詞“生生論”(zoe-tology)作為(wei) “生活的藝術”。與(yu) 希臘“本體(ti) 論”相對的“zoe-tology”可以譯成現代漢語“生生論”。《易傳(chuan) 》認為(wei) “天地之大德曰生”,宇宙最大的能力就是它的生生之力。同樣,在描述重要的“道”(way-making)時,它提到“生生之謂易”,即生命不斷產(chan) 生和創造。“易”本身被象征性地定義(yi) ,因此具體(ti) 地被定義(yi) 為(wei) 創生性生活。
在《易經》這本生態宇宙學著作中,自然創生、交互性的變化同時性地“依境而生”,並曆時性地“依緣而生”,在構成經驗的重要情境關(guan) 係中迅速而有利地增長。事物在它們(men) 的本構關(guan) 係中表達,在共同利益的相互作用不斷增長,並在為(wei) 自身和世界增添價(jia) 值的意義(yi) 上“欣賞”它們(men) 。正如人類的繁榮源於(yu) 家庭和社群關(guan) 係的積極正向發展一樣,宇宙的繁榮是同構的,是這種交易增長的延伸,隻不過是在更廣闊的範圍內(nei) 。事實上,人類的價(jia) 值觀和道德宇宙秩序都立足於(yu) 生命及其生生性增長,因此彼此之間相互補充。
本書(shu) 從(cong) 教育學到倫(lun) 理學,從(cong) 家庭觀到宇宙論,反複討論了儒家文化各個(ge) 側(ce) 麵的一個(ge) 最重要共同點,這個(ge) 共同點就是基於(yu) 關(guan) 係建構的“人”的概念(relationally-constituted conception of persons)。我提出一個(ge) 論點,即儒家哲學對我們(men) 時代的最重要貢獻,恰恰是它自己對基於(yu) 關(guan) 係建構的“人”的精細的、複雜的、合乎道德的定義(yi) ,可以作為(wei) 批判和挑戰根深蒂固的個(ge) 人主義(yi) 意識形態基礎。尤其是在我們(men) 可以相當程度上預測世界文化秩序不斷發生的巨變的關(guan) 鍵時刻,正是這種“成人”(human becomings)可以成為(wei) “人”的替代觀念,將明確向我們(men) 預示,如果我們(men) 讓儒家學說有一席之地,這個(ge) 世界將變得更好。
這部著作的論點並不是說,我所倡導的儒家價(jia) 值觀可以解決(jue) 世界上所有的問題。也不是說,不可避免的西方化勢力是有害的,需要以某種方式加以遏製。相反,我試圖引起人們(men) 對儒家傳(chuan) 統的關(guan) 注,在人類曆史上生存狀況最戲劇性變化即將出現之際,我們(men) 應該努力地讓我們(men) 所擁有的各種文化資源都得到利用。在許多方麵,本書(shu) 提出的立場是輔助性的,我們(men) 試圖克服那種對古老傳(chuan) 統不加批判的忽視所帶來的無知,而這一傳(chuan) 統對世界四分之一的人口來說不可或缺。儒家傳(chuan) 統文化有很多值得珍視的東(dong) 西,它可以成為(wei) 豐(feng) 富世界文化的源泉,也可以實質性地批判我們(men) 現有的錯誤的價(jia) 值觀,這個(ge) 世界因此可以變得比我們(men) 想象中的更好。
(黃天夷 譯 溫海明 校)
責任編輯:近複
伟德线上平台

青春儒學

民間儒行

伟德线上平台

青春儒學

民間儒行
